![]() ![]() Thus, in reconstructing the history of water and sanitation of this hunter-gatherer phase, we have to rely on the analogies of later societies. It has been postulated that the waterborne health risks of hunter-gatherers were small.Īrchaeological and written sources concerning water and sanitation can, however, only be found from relatively recent times. Occasionally people were troubled by pathogens transmitted by contaminated water, but the general aversion for water that tasted revolting, stank and that looked disgusting must have developed quite early during the biological and cultural evolution of humankind. Approximately 50 000 years ago modern man began to inhabit every corner of the world and people were constantly on the move. Modern humans (Homo sapiens) have dwelled on this earth for some 200 000 years, most of that time as hunter-gatherers and gradually growing in number. Finally, the major findings and their implications for current water management and policies are discussed. However, the second, third and fourth phases of urbanization are also briefly described. special attention is paid to the first urbanization of ancient civilizations, particularly in ancient Greece and Rome (Vuorinen 2007). This article outlines the importance of water throughout history. However, the importance of proper sanitation was not understood until the 19th century. The importance of good quality drinking water has been established for years. The availability of water in large quantities has been considered an essential part of civilization throughout the different periods: Roman baths needed a lot of water, as do the water closets and showers used in current Western civilization. Farming and the development of settlements lead to the beginning of the problem that faces mankind today – how to get drinkable water for humans and cattle and how to manage the waste we produce. This article examines the influence of water on public health throughout history. Our existence is dependent on water, or the lack of it, in many ways, and one could say that our whole civilization is built on the use of water. Water is life – and life on earth is linked to water. The famous palace of the Koch kings still stands in Cooch Behar City.A Brief History of Water and Health from Ancient Civilizations to Modern Times Earlier, the northern region of Bengal was ruled by the Koch Dynasty. ![]() The princely state of Cooch Behar was included in the political map of Bengal after Independence. He renamed the region of Shashanka's Karna Suvarna as Murshidabad. Born a Hindu Brahmin in Deccan India, Murshid took the throne as the Nawab of Bengal. Murshid Quli Khan alias Ala ud-Daulah was the last Mughal Subahdar of Bengal under the reign of Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah I. Mughal emperors such as Akbar, Jahangir and Aurangzeb placed high regard for the Bengal province and were also aware of the riches this region had to offer. Governance was at stake and the socio-political integrity of Bengal was under severe crisis.ĭistricts or Subahs were distributed among the allies and commandants of the Mughal Empire. Islamic rulers under the banners of Khilji Dynasty (1200 CE - 1230 CE), the Mamluk Sultanate (1227 CE - 1281 CE), the Tughlaq Sultanate (1324 CE - 1339 CE), the kingdom of Ilyas Shahi (1435 - 1487), the Suri Empire (1532 - 1555) were primarily looters. ![]() Medieval history of India, including Bengal, is that of Sultanates, invasions, plunder, cultural reform and architectural genius. The Palas were also known for their war elephant cavalry and strong naval fleet. Epics and sagas were written such as the 'Mangal Kavyas'. It was during this period that the Bengali language was formed in its entirety. Followers of Buddhist philosophy, the Pala kings promoted classical Indian philosophy, literature, painting and sculpture studies. Often dubbed as the 'Golden Age' of Bengal, the Pala Empire indeed raised the standards of Bengal's culture and politics. Their last king Kalipada Singha Thakur became the king of Mallabhum in 1930 and 'ruled' till his death in 1983. The Malla kings ruled the western provinces of Bengal from the seventh century and their dynasty can be traced to this date. What we know as Bankura, a western district in modern day West Bengal, was once known as Mallabhum, the land of the Mallas. Shashanka's capital, Karna Suvarna is now known as Murshidabad. He is infamous for oppressing Buddhist communities and driving them out of Bengal. ![]() Shashanka was a strong ruler who developed Bengal's architecture and calendar. But it was during the rule of King Shashanka that Bengal witnessed another flourishing period. After the Mauryan Empire, other kingdoms and dynasties such as the Gupta, Kanvas, Shungas, and the Mahameghavahanas ascended to the throne of Bengal. ![]()
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